找出以下程序中的语法错误，并作出解释。

1.    1 #include <stdlib.h>
      2 int main() {
      3     const int size;
      4     size = 10;
      5     int a[size];
      6     int *p1 = new int[size];
      7     int *p2 = malloc(sizeof(int)* size);
      8     int *p3 = new int(size);
      9     for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
     10         a[i] = i;
     11         p1[i] = a[i] * i;
     12         p2[i] = p1[i] * i;
     13         p3[i] = p2[i] * i;
     14     }
     15     int sum;
     16     for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
     17         sum += a[i] + p1[i] + p2[i] + p3[i];
     18     cout << sum;
     19     delete p1;
     20     delete [] p2;
     21     delete p3;
     22 }
   

2.    1 #include <iostream>
      2 using namespace std;
      3 class N {
      4     static int n = 0;
      5     int i;
      6 public:
      7     void N() : i(0) { }
      8     void N(int a = 0) : i (a) { }
      9     void N(int a = 0, int b) : i(a), n(b) { }
     10     int get() const { return i++; }
     11     void set(int a) { i = a;}
     12     void print() const { cout << get() << endl;}
     13     static int getn() const { return n; }
     14     static void setn(int a) { n = a; i++; }  
     15 }
     16 int main() {
     17     cout << N::n << endl;
     18     cout << N::getn() << endl;
     19     cout << get() << endl;
     20     cout << N::get() << endl;
     21     cout << N::setn(10) << endl;
     22     N *p = new N(5);
     23     N n();
     24     n.set(10);
     25     n.setn(11);
     26     p.set(5);
     27     delete p;
     28 }
   

读程序，写出程序运行的结果

1.    1 #include <iostream>
      2 using namespace std;
      3 int inc( int &a) {
      4     return ++a;
      5 }
      6 int dec( int a) {
      7     return --a;
      8 }
      9 int main() {
     10     int b = 10;
     11     cout << inc(b) << endl;
     12     cout << dec(b) << endl;
     13     cout << inc(b) << endl;
     14 }
   

2.    1 #include <iostream>
      2 #include <string>
      3 using namespace std;
      4 int f( string a );
      5 int f( int b , int c = 1);
      6 int f( bool b);
      7 int main() {
      8     string s = "";
      9     cout << f(s) << endl;
     10     cout << f('\060') << endl;
     11     cout << f(1, 2) << endl;
     12     cout << f(false) << endl;
     13     cout << f(0) << endl;
     14 }
     15 int f( string a) {
     16     return a.length();
     17 }
     18 int f( int b, int c) {
     19     return b * c + b + c + 1;
     20 }
     21 int f(bool b) {
     22     return b?1:-1;
     23 }
   

3.    1 #include <iostream>
      2 using namespace std;
      3 class Z {
      4 public:
      5     Z(int i) : id(i) { cout << id << " created" << endl; }
      6     ~Z() { cout << id << " destroyed" << endl; }
      7     Z(Z &z) : id(z.id) { cout << id << " created a copy" << endl; }
      8 private:
      9     int id;
     10 };
     11 Z z(0);
     12 int main() {
     13     cout << "main start" << endl;
     14     Z z1(1);
     15     Z z2(2);
     16     Z *z3 = new Z(3);
     17     Z z4(z1); 
     18 }
   

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