安装

1. Debian安装

事先在硬盘上准备一个未分区的空间,至少5G。最好先备份硬盘上的重要数据,或者使用完全空闲的硬盘。

下载debian安装光盘的镜像文件。完整版需要很多光盘。如果网络条件许可,使用网络安装版最方便:http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst

将镜像刻录成光盘,使用这张光盘引导系统。引导后出来安装界面,安照提示一步一步完成即可。其中在选择apt源的时候,选择cn99的http服务器比较快。

2. Ubuntu 安装

安装前:

光盘安装过程:

硬盘安装过程:(以Ubuntu-8.04-desktop-i386.iso 为例)

安装完成后,修改ubuntu的源,改成国内的ubuntu源速度比较快。修改文件:/etc/apt/sources.list,选如下多组服务器中的一组替换原来的内容:(以下是feisty 7.04的源,如果是7.10改成gutsy,如果是8.04改成hardy,如果是8.10改成intrepid)

    * Archive.ubuntu.com 更新服务器(欧洲):
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.org.cn/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse

    * Ubuntu.cn99.com 更新服务器(江苏省常州市电信,推荐电信用户使用。):

deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse

    * Mirror.lupaworld.com 更新服务器(浙江省杭州市电信,推荐电信用户使用。):

deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/archive/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.lupaworld.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse

    * 上海市交通大学 更新服务器(教育网,推荐校园网和网通用户使用。):

deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ feisty main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ feisty-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ feisty-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main multiverse restricted universe

    * 北京市清华大学 更新服务器(教育网,推荐校园网和网通用户使用。):

deb http://mirror.net9.org/ubuntu/ feisty main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.net9.org/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.net9.org/ubuntu/ feisty-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.net9.org/ubuntu/ feisty-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.net9.org/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirror.net9.org/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main multiverse restricted universe

    * 中国 台湾省台湾大学 更新服务器(推荐网通用户使用,电信PING平均响应速度41MS。)

deb http://ubuntu.csie.ntu.edu.tw/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.csie.ntu.edu.tw/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.csie.ntu.edu.tw/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.csie.ntu.edu.tw/ubuntu/ feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main multiverse restricted universe

    * Mirror.vmmatrix.net 更新服务器(上海市电信,推荐电信网通用户使用。):

deb http://mirror.vmmatrix.net/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.vmmatrix.net/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.vmmatrix.net/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirror.vmmatrix.net/ubuntu/ feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main multiverse restricted universe

我的ubuntu的source.list

deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu-cn/ feisty main restricted universe multiverse

Ubuntu 源列表 http://wiki.ubuntu.com.cn/index.php?title=Qref/Source&variant=zh-cn

安装686版的内核代替386版的内核

apt-get install linux-generic

ubuntu的优化: http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/showthread.php?t=264885

安装java

apt-get install sun-java5-jdk
apt-get install sun-java5-plugin
update-alternatives --config java

配置java字体

wget http://paste.ubuntu.org.cn/d323
sudo mv /etc/java-1.5.0-sun/fontconfig.properties /etc/java-1.5.0-sun/fontconfig.properties.old
sudo mv d323 /etc/java-1.5.0-sun/fontconfig.properties
sudo chown root:root /etc/java-1.5.0-sun/fontconfig.properties

adsl拨号

使用pppoeconf配置拨号的属性

pppoeconf

使用pon进行拨号

pon dsl-provider

使用poff断开

poff dsl-provider

网络配置

Debian和Ubuntu的网络配置大多出现在文件/etc/hostname和文件/etc/network/ interfaces里,另从/etc/network目录下的options文件里提供一点儿帮助。 主机名在/etc/hostname文件里设置。这个文件里的名字应该是全名,因为它的值要在各种场合下使用,其中有些场合需要全名。不过,标准的Debian安装在那里留下的不是一个全名。

/etc/hostname           #主机名
/etc/network/interfaces #IP地址、子网掩码、默认网关
/etc/network/options    #IP转发

可以用VI编辑以上文件,也可用"ifconfig"和"route"配置

休眠

查看系统支持哪些模式

cat /sys/power/state

echo disk > /sys/power/state

echo mem > /sys/power/state

hp的笔记本从待机恢复后键盘鼠标失去响应的问题,可以在/etc/acpi/suspend.d中新建文件20-i8042-input.sh:

# Unbind the AT keyboard interface.
if [ -f /sys/bus/platform/drivers/i8042/unbind ]; then
  echo -n "i8042" > /sys/bus/platform/drivers/i8042/unbind
fi

在/etc/acpi/resume.d中新建文件80-i8042-input.sh:

# Rebind the AT keyboard interface.
if [ -f /sys/bus/platform/drivers/i8042/bind ]; then
  echo -n "i8042" > /sys/bus/platform/drivers/i8042/bind
fi

节电措施

Suggestion: increase the VM dirty writeback time from 5.00 to 15 seconds with:

This wakes the disk up less frequenty for background VM activity

X配置

从X.org 7.3和Xrandr1.2起,Linux的图形界面可以动态修改双头显示的配置了。首先将/etc/X11/xorg.conf改为(Intel 945显卡):

Section "Files"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
        Identifier      "Generic Keyboard"
        Driver          "kbd"
        Option          "CoreKeyboard"
        Option          "XkbRules"      "xorg"
        Option          "XkbModel"      "pc105"
        Option          "XkbLayout"     "us"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
        Identifier      "Configured Mouse"
        Driver          "mouse"
        Option          "CorePointer"
        Option          "Device"                "/dev/input/mice"
        Option          "Protocol"              "ImPS/2"
        Option          "ZAxisMapping"          "4 5"
        Option          "Emulate3Buttons"       "true"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
        Identifier      "Synaptics Touchpad"
        Driver          "synaptics"
        Option          "SendCoreEvents"        "true"
        Option          "Device"                "/dev/psaux"
        Option          "Protocol"              "auto-dev"
        Option          "HorizScrollDelta"      "0"
EndSection



Section "Device"
        Identifier      "Intel Corporation Mobile 945GM/GMS, 943/940GML Express Integrated Graphics Controller"
        Driver          "intel"
        BusID           "PCI:0:2:0"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
        Identifier      "通用显示器"
        Option          "DPMS"
EndSection

Section "Screen"
        Identifier      "Default Screen"
        Device          "Intel Corporation Mobile 945GM/GMS, 943/940GML Express Integrated Graphics Controller"
        Monitor         "通用显示器"
        DefaultDepth    24
        SubSection "Display"
                Virtual 2048 2048
        EndSubSection
EndSection

Section "ServerLayout"
        Identifier      "Default Layout"
        Screen          "Default Screen"
        InputDevice     "Generic Keyboard"
        InputDevice     "Configured Mouse"
        InputDevice     "stylus"        "SendCoreEvents"
        InputDevice     "cursor"        "SendCoreEvents"
        InputDevice     "eraser"        "SendCoreEvents"
        InputDevice     "Synaptics Touchpad"
EndSection

用xrandr命令修改双头设置

usage: xrandr [options]
  where options are:
  -display <display> or -d <display>
  -help
  -o <normal,inverted,left,right,0,1,2,3>
            or --orientation <normal,inverted,left,right,0,1,2,3>
  -q        or --query
  -s <size>/<width>x<height> or --size <size>/<width>x<height>
  -r <rate> or --rate <rate> or --refresh <rate>
  -v        or --version
  -x        (reflect in x)
  -y        (reflect in y)
  --screen <screen>
  --verbose
  --dryrun
  --prop or --properties
  --fb <width>x<height>
  --fbmm <width>x<height>
  --dpi <dpi>/<output>
  --output <output>
      --auto
      --mode <mode>
      --preferred
      --pos <x>x<y>
      --rate <rate> or --refresh <rate>
      --reflect normal,x,y,xy
      --rotate normal,inverted,left,right
      --left-of <output>
      --right-of <output>
      --above <output>
      --below <output>
      --same-as <output>
      --set <property> <value>
      --off
      --crtc <crtc>
  --newmode <name> <clock MHz>
            <hdisp> <hsync-start> <hsync-end> <htotal>
            <vdisp> <vsync-start> <vsync-end> <vtotal>
            [+HSync] [-HSync] [+VSync] [-VSync]
  --rmmode <name>
  --addmode <output> <name>
  --delmode <output> <name>

Linux使用基础:mount登录与安装软件

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