MS-Windows

经常会有人问我，自己的Windows出问题了怎么办。这里记下维护Windows不出问题的方法，以及出了问题后怎么处理的方法，还有Windows下一些常用的工具。

怎么保证Windows安全

• 预防病毒的正确姿势

• 升级到Windows 10，而不是用Windows 8、7、Vista或XP。

• 打上所有Windows系统补丁，并经常检查有没有新的补丁

• 帐户设置：
  • 所有管理员帐户（属于Administrators组的帐户）设置足够复杂的密码（由字母、数字和特殊字符组成）
  • 禁用Guest帐户
• 安装杀毒软件。Windows 10自带杀毒软件，不要关闭就可以了。

• （可选）对于在不安全的局域网中使用的Windows系统，最好做好路由器地址的MAC-IP绑定，比如说arp -s 192.168.0.1 00-04-61-25-22-6A，这里192.168.0.1是路由器地址，00-04-61-25-22-6A是路由器的网卡MAC地址。

• （可选）使用Firefox来代替IE，在Firefox中加装NoScript插件。

Windows出问题了怎么办？

• 拨打微软的售后服务电话：800-820-3800 (品牌机用户拨打品牌售后服务电话)

• 用Debian Linux、Ubuntu Linux、FreeBSD、MacOSX等代替Windows

Windows下软件安装

优先使用以下方式安装软件：

• Windows自带的App Store

• Windows的包管理工具 https://chocolatey.org/

常用软件

• 常见软件价格

• 开发环境

  • MinGW

  • Cygwin

• 媒体播放

• 网络软件

• 系统工具

• 办公软件

Windows实用小技巧

• 自动登录：运行

  rundll32 netplwiz.dll,UsersRunDll

• 修改smb的端口：在注册表中添加如下键值

  [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\NetBT\Parameters\SMB]
  
  "SessionPort"=dword:00000c1d
  
  "DatagramPort"=dword:00000c1d

  其中0c1d是端口号的16进制值。

• 要运行网络邻居上的程序不弹出安全提示，可以在注册表中添加如下键值：

  [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Download]
  
  "CheckExeSignatures"="no"
  
  "RunInvalidSignatures"=dword:00000001
  
  
  
  [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Attachments]
  
  "SaveZoneInformation"=dword:00000000
  
  
  
  
  [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Associations]
  
  "LowRiskFileTypes"=".zip;.rar;.nfo;.txt;.exe;.bat;.com;.cmd;.reg;.msi;.htm;.html;.gif;.bmp;.jpg;.avi;.mpg;.mpeg;.mov;.mp3;.m3u;.wav"

• 修改收藏夹的目录，打开注册表中的：

  HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders

  将其中的Favorites键值改成需要的目录。

• 普通用户帐号登录后，需要执行管理操作（比如安装软件），可以运行：

  runas /user:Administrator XXXX

  其中XXXX是管理操作的命令

• 开启WINDOWS高级软件安全策略:

  [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Safer\CodeIdentifiers]
  "Levels"=dword:00035000

• 用vbscript脚本修改windows的默认Tos：

  strServer = "."
  
  Set objWMI = GetObject("winmgmts:\\" & strServer & "\root\cimv2")
  
  Set objInstance = objWMI.Get("Win32_NetworkAdapterConfiguration")
  
  p_DefaultTOS = 0
  
  intResult = objInstance.SetDefaultTOS(p_DefaultTOS)
  
  Select case intResult
          Case 0 : WScript.Echo "Successful completion, no reboot required"
          Case 1 : WScript.Echo "Successful completion, reboot required"
          Case 64 : WScript.Echo "Method not supported on this platform"
          Case 65 : WScript.Echo "Unknown failure"
          Case 66 : WScript.Echo "Invalid subnet mask"
          Case 67 : WScript.Echo "An error occurred while processing an Instance that was returned"
          Case 68 : WScript.Echo "Invalid input parameter"
          Case 69 : WScript.Echo "More than 5 gateways specified"
          Case 70 : WScript.Echo "Invalid IP  address"
          Case 71 : WScript.Echo "Invalid gateway IP address"
          Case 72 : WScript.Echo "An error occurred while accessing the Registry for the requested information"
          Case 73 : WScript.Echo "Invalid domain name"
          Case 74 : WScript.Echo "Invalid host name"
          Case 75 : WScript.Echo "No primary/secondary WINS server defined"
          Case 76 : WScript.Echo "Invalid file"
          Case 77 : WScript.Echo "Invalid system path"
          Case 78 : WScript.Echo "File copy failed"
          Case 79 : WScript.Echo "Invalid security parameter"
          Case 80 : WScript.Echo "Unable to configure TCP/IP service"
          Case 81 : WScript.Echo "Unable to configure DHCP service"
          Case 82 : WScript.Echo "Unable to renew DHCP lease"
          Case 83 : WScript.Echo "Unable to release DHCP lease"
          Case 84 : WScript.Echo "IP not enabled on adapter"
          Case 85 : WScript.Echo "IPX not enabled on adapter"
          Case 86 : WScript.Echo "Frame/network number bounds error"
          Case 87 : WScript.Echo "Invalid frame type"
          Case 88 : WScript.Echo "Invalid network number"
          Case 89 : WScript.Echo "Duplicate network number"
          Case 90 : WScript.Echo "Parameter out of bounds"
          Case 91 : WScript.Echo "Access denied"
          Case 92 : WScript.Echo "Out of memory"
          Case 93 : WScript.Echo "Already exists"
          Case 94 : WScript.Echo "Path, file or object not found"
          Case 95 : WScript.Echo "Unable to notify service"
          Case 96 : WScript.Echo "Unable to notify DNS service"
          Case 97 : WScript.Echo "Interface not configurable"
          Case 98 : WScript.Echo "Not all DHCP leases could be released/renewed"
          Case 100 : WScript.Echo "DHCP not enabled on adapter"
  End Select

• Hp Notebook Dmi Info

  # usage: vboxportmap vmname
  
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSVendor" "Hewlett-Packard"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSVersion" "68YHV Ver. F.0B"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSReleaseDate"  "07/13/2007"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSReleaseMajor"  15
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSReleaseMinor"  11
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSFirmwareMajor" 89
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiBIOSFirmwareMinor" 53
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemVendor" "Hewlett-Packard"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemProduct" "HP Compaq nc4400 (RH136PA#AB5)"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemVersion" "F.0B"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemSerial"  "CND6370JW5"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemUuid" "025E295E-9643-DB11-129C-66990C3E1529"
  VBoxManage setextradata $1 "VBoxInternal/Devices/pcbios/0/Config/DmiSystemFamily" "103C_5336AN"