TableOfContents

迭代子 Iterators

1. 概述

迭代子是一种泛化的指针：它们是指向其他对象的对象。由名字可以看出，迭代子经常被用来迭代一个区间内的对象：如果一个迭代子指向一个区间内的某个元素，那么它可以自增以指向下一个元素。

迭代子是泛型编程的核心，因为它为容器和算法提供了一个接口。算法一般都使用迭代子作为参数，因此容器只要能提供访问元素的迭代子就可以了。这使得通用的泛型算法写出来可以对许多不同类型的容器进行操作，甚至像vector和双链表这样不大区别的容器。

STL定义了和迭代子相关的几个不同的概念，几个与定义的迭代子，和一组操作迭代子的类型和函数。

2. 描述

迭代子不是单独的一个概念，而是六个有层次关系的概念：其中有些概念只有很有限的一些操作，而另一些有更多的操作。被算法使用的五个概念是Input Iterator, Output Iterator, Forward Iterator, Bidirectional Iterator, and Random Access Iterator。第六个概念Trivial Iterator只是为了更清楚地描述其它迭代子概念而引入的。

The most restricted sorts of iterators are Input Iterators and Output Iterators, both of which permit "single pass" algorithms but do not necessarily support "multi-pass" algorithms. Input iterators only guarantee read access: it is possible to dereference an Input Iterator to obtain the value it points to, but not it is not necessarily possible to assign a new value through an input iterator. Similarly, Output Iterators only guarantee write access: it is possible to assign a value through an Output Iterator, but not necessarily possible to refer to that value.

Forward Iterators are a refinement of Input Iterators and Output Iterators: they support the Input Iterator and Output Iterator operations and also provide additional functionality. In particular, it is possible to use "multi-pass" algorithms with Forward Iterators. A Forward Iterator may be constant, in which case it is possible to access the object it points to but not to to assign a new value through it, or mutable, in which case it is possible to do both.

Bidirectional Iterators, like Forward Iterators, allow multi-pass algorithms. As the name suggests, they are different in that they support motion in both directions: a Bidirectional Iterator may be incremented to obtain the next element or decremented to obtain the previous element. A Forward Iterator, by contrast, is only required to support forward motion. An iterator used to traverse a singly linked list, for example, would be a Forward Iterator, while an iterator used to traverse a doubly linked list would be a Bidirectional Iterator.

Finally, Random Access Iterators allow the operations of pointer arithmetic: addition of arbitrary offsets, subscripting, subtraction of one iterator from another to find a distance, and so on.

很多算法不是使用单个迭代子，而是使用一个区间的迭代子[1]。[first, last)这个记号表示所有的从first开始的迭代子，到last为止但是不包括last的所有迭代子。[2] 注意，一个区间可以是空的，也就是first和last是相同的。注意，如果区间内有n个迭代子，那么[first, last)需要n+1个位置表示。这是很重要的：对于n个东西进行操作的算法，常常需要有n+1个位置。比如说线性搜索(find)，必须能够返回表示搜索不成功的值。

有时候，必须能够从迭代子得出某些属性。比如说，要知道迭代子所指向的对象的类型。有两种不同的机制来得到属性：一种老的机制叫做Iterator Tags，一种新的机制叫做iterator_traits [3]。

3. 概念

• Trivial Iterator
• Input Iterator
• Output Iterator
• Forward Iterator
• Bidirectional Iterator
• Random Access Iterator

4. 类型

• istream_iterator
• ostream_iterator
• reverse_iterator
• reverse_bidirectional_iterator
• insert_iterator
• front_insert_iterator
• back_insert_iterator
• iterator_traits
• input_iterator_tag
• output_iterator_tag
• forward_iterator_tag
• bidirectional_iterator_tag
• random_access_iterator_tag
• input_iterator
• output_iterator
• forward_iterator
• bidirectional_iterator
• random_access_iterator

5. 函数

• distance_type
• value_type
• iterator_category
• distance
• advance
• inserter
• front_inserter
• back_inserter

6. 备注

[1] Ranges are not a well-defined concept for Trivial Iterators, because a Trivial Iterator cannot be incremented: there is no such thing as a next element. They are also not a well-defined concept for Output Iterators, because it is impossible to compare two Output Iterators for equality. Equality is crucial to the definition of a range, because only by comparing an iterator for equality with the last element is it possible to step through a range.

[2] Sometimes the notation [first, last) refers to the iterators first, first+1, ..., last-1 and sometimes it refers to the objects pointed to by those iterators: *first, *(first+1), ..., *(last-1). In most cases it will be obvious from context which of these is meant; where the distinction is important, the notation will be qualified explicitly as "range of iterators" or "range of objects".

[3] The iterator_traits class relies on a C++ feature known as partial specialization. Many of today's compilers don't implement the complete standard; in particular, many compilers do not support partial specialization. If your compiler does not support partial specialization, then you will not be able to use iterator_traits, and you will instead have to continue using the functions iterator_category, distance_type, and value_type.