版本131和206间的区别 (跳过第75版)

Python

Python

Python介绍

1. Python入门教程

已经过时的教程（基于已经淘汰的Python 2）：

另类的Python教程：我的名字叫Python.pdf （太古老，已过时）
Python Short Course by Richard P. Muller （太古老，已过时）
The LiveWires Python Course 已过时
Handbook of the Physics Computing Course 已过时
Python入门

2. Python解释器

CPython http://python.org/
Stackless Python http://www.stackless.com/
- StacklessPython
Ironpython (Python for .Net) https://ironpython.net/
Jython (Python for Java) https://www.jython.org/
PyPy
- PyPy Speed
Hylang A dialect of Lisp that's embedded in Python

3. Python开发环境

Mac上Python环境准备： https://sourabhbajaj.com/mac-setup/Python/
One Day of IDLE Toying (中文版: 摆弄一天IDLE)
Using IDLE by Daryl Harms
Pipenv & Virtual Environments
Why you should use pyenv + Pipenv for your Python projects
Advanced Usage of Pipenv

4. Python语法

5. 代码风格

6. 参考资料

7. Python库

7.1. 标准库

Python Library Reference

7.2. GUI Toolkit

wxpython http://www.wxpython.org/
PyGtk
Kivy 基于OpenGL ES的移动端、桌面端GUI开发库
使用PyQt编写QT图形界面程序 http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/pyqt/
PyQT vs PySide2

7.3. 网络

uvloop: asyncio + libuv + Cython，再配上httptools做HTTP parser，从benchmark看起来性能非常强劲。

7.4. Web 开发

7.5. Windows

pywin32 http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/
comtypes http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/comtypes/
python 与 COM Advanced Python and COM
使用_winreg模块操纵windows注册表
将python程序打包成windows下可以执行的exe文件：使用py2exe模块
在.net平台上使用python：IronPython

7.6. Mac

Py2app

7.7. 多媒体

图像获取：linux平台下使用sane模块，Windows平台下使用twain模块
- TWAIN
图像处理PythonImageLibrary中文手册
通过ffmpeg处理视频、音频 https://github.com/kkroening/ffmpeg-python
PyDUB：在python中直接处理音频 https://github.com/jiaaro/pydub

7.8. 游戏

pygame: http://www.pygame.org/
- Pygame
panda3d: http://www.panda3d.org/
renpy: http://www.renpy.org/wiki/renpy/Home_Page
pyopengl http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/

7.9. 字符串

Unicode Howto
http://docs.python.org/lib/module-re.html
http://www.amk.ca/python/howto/regex/
Mastering Regular Expressions 2nd Edition, By Jeffrey E. F. Friedl

7.10. 数据处理

7.11. 其它

python-ldap http://www.python-ldap.org/
- PythonLdap
读取excel：用xlrd包。把excel转成csv，使用csv库操作。
加密：Python Cryptography Toolkit http://www.amk.ca/python/code/crypto
Spring Python: 为什么Python不需要像Spring这样的东西？
PLY Python Lex-Yacc

8. Python的字符编码处理

对于中文用户，特别需要关注Python的编码技术. 列举一些常用的技巧。

chr(i): 将一个0到255的整数转换为一个字符.
ord(c): 返回单个字符c的整数顺序值.普通字符返回[0,255]中的一个值,Unicode字符返回 [0,65535]中的一个值
unichr(i): 将一个0到65535的整数转换为一个Unicode字符

代码中的编码设置，应该在代码最初两行内包含：

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

获得/设置系统的缺省编码

sys.getdefaultencoding()

sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')

获得文件系统的文件名的编码

sys.getfilesystemencoding()

获得当前终端的输入、输出编码

      sys.stdout.encoding

      sys.stdin.encoding

编码转换（先转换为unicode，再转换为具体的编码），有两种方法：

      unicode('abc', 'mbcs').encode('utf-8')

      'abc'.decode('mbcs').encode('utf-8')

Python代码片段

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+   ← 于2020-04-23 12:35:54修订的的版本206 → ⇥
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  备注:
-删除的内容标记成这样。
+加入的内容标记成这样。
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+<<TableOfContents>>

 * [[Python介绍]]

== Python入门教程 ==
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- * [[Python小程序]]
 * [[Python使用技巧]]

<<Include(Python介绍)>>

参考：
 * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29|Wikipedia:Python_programming_language]] ([[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python|Wikipedia上的Python编程语言简介]])
 * [[http://www.python.org/|Python Official Web]]
 * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics|Python语法]] from Wikipedia
 * [[http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3882|Why_Python]] by Eric Raymond [[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_53982851010008b8.html|why python中文版]]
+ * [[https://stackify.com/learn-python-tutorials/|30个不同的Python入门网站]]
 * [[https://developers.google.com/edu/python|Google's Python Class]]
 * [[https://blog.jetbrains.com/blog/2020/03/05/jetbrains-academy-python/|Learn Python with JetBrains Academy!]]
 * [[https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/|Python Tutorial]]
 * [[https://diveintopython3.problemsolving.io/|Dive Into Python 3]] ([[https://woodpecker.org.cn/diveintopython3/|中文版]])
 * [[https://python.swaroopch.com/|A Byte of Python]] (中文版: [[https://bop.mol.uno/|简明Python教程]])
 * [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming|Python Programming - Wikibooks]]
 * [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Non-Programmer%27s_Tutorial_for_Python_3|Non-Programmers Tutorial For Python]]
 * [[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-0001-introduction-to-computer-science-and-programming-in-python-fall-2016/lecture-videos/|MIT 6.0001 Introduction to Computer Science and Programming in Python]]
 * [[http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/|How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (Learning with Python 3)]]
 * [[http://xahlee.info/python/index.html|Python by Example]] by Xah Lee
 * [[http://www.alan-g.me.uk/l2p/|Learn to Program by Alan G]]
 * [[https://inventwithpython.com/|Invent with Python]]
 * [[http://chinesepython.org/pythonfoundry/easytut.html|Python 非編程員教學]]
 * [[http://www.norvig.com/python-lisp.html|Python for Lisp Programmers]]

已经过时的教程（基于已经淘汰的Python 2）：

 * 另类的Python教程： [[attachment:我的名字叫Python.pdf]] （太古老，已过时）
 * [[http://www.wag.caltech.edu/home/rpm/python_course/|Python Short Course]] by Richard P. Muller （太古老，已过时）
 * [[https://github.com/livewires/python/releases|The LiveWires Python Course]] 已过时
 * [[http://www.pentangle.net/python/handbook/|Handbook of the Physics Computing Course]] 已过时
 * [[http://www.math.pku.edu.cn/teachers/lidf/docs/Python/python-tutorial.html|Python入门]]
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- * PYPY https://www.pypy.org/
+ * [[https://www.pypy.org/|PyPy]]
   * [[https://speed.pypy.org/|PyPy Speed]]
 * [[http://hylang.org|Hylang]] A dialect of Lisp that's embedded in Python
-行号 25:
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-== Python入门教程 ==
 * [[https://stackify.com/learn-python-tutorials/|30个不同的Python入门网站]]
 * [[https://developers.google.com/edu/python|Google's Python Class]]
 * [[https://blog.jetbrains.com/blog/2020/03/05/jetbrains-academy-python/|Learn Python with JetBrains Academy!]]
 * [[https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/|Python Tutorial]]
 * [[https://diveintopython3.problemsolving.io/|Dive Into Python 3]] ([[https://woodpecker.org.cn/diveintopython3/|中文版]])
 * [[https://python.swaroopch.com/|A Byte of Python]] (中文版: [[https://bop.mol.uno/|简明Python教程]])
 * 另类的Python教程： [[attachment:我的名字叫Python.pdf]]
 * [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Non-Programmer%27s_Tutorial_for_Python_3|Non-Programmers Tutorial For Python]]
+ * Mac上Python环境准备： https://sourabhbajaj.com/mac-setup/Python/
 * [[http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html|One Day of IDLE Toying]] (中文版: [[http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/IDLE-chinese.htm|摆弄一天IDLE]])
 * [[http://ftp.ntua.gr/mirror/python/idle/doc/idle2.html|Using IDLE]] by Daryl Harms
 * [[https://docs.python-guide.org/dev/virtualenvs/|Pipenv & Virtual Environments]]
 * [[https://hackernoon.com/reaching-python-development-nirvana-bb5692adf30c|Why you should use pyenv + Pipenv for your Python projects]]
 * [[https://pipenv.pypa.io/en/latest/advanced/|Advanced Usage of Pipenv]]



== Python语法 ==

 * [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics|Python语法]] from Wikipedia
 * [[https://docs.python-guide.org/writing/gotchas/|Python Gotchas]]
 * [[https://towardsdatascience.com/30-python-best-practices-tips-and-tricks-caefb9f8c5f5|30 Python Best Practices, Tips, And Tricks]]
 * [[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-cn-python-yield/|Python yield 使用浅析]]
 * [[https://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html|Cheat Sheet: Writing Python 2-3 compatible code]]
 * [[https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/cheat_sheet_py3.html|Type hints cheat sheet (Python 3)]]
 * [[https://docs.python.org/3/reference/index.html|Python Reference Manual]] 
 * [[https://realpython.com/async-io-python/|Async IO in Python: A Complete Walkthrough]]
 * [[https://snarky.ca/how-the-heck-does-async-await-work-in-python-3-5/|How the heck does async/await work in Python 3.5?]]
 * [[https://rhettinger.wordpress.com/2011/05/26/super-considered-super/|Python’s super() considered super! ]]
 * [[https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html|Coroutines and Tasks]]
 * [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0492/|PEP 492 -- Coroutines with async and await syntax]]


== 代码风格 ==

 * [[https://www.python.org/doc/essays/styleguide/|Python Style Guide]]
 * https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
 * https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/
 * [[https://docs.python-guide.org/writing/style/|Code Style -- The Hitchhiker's Guide to Python]]
 * [[https://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2013/08/16/open-sourcing-a-python-project-the-right-way/|Open Sourcing a Python Project the Right Way]]
-行号 38:
+行号 79:
+ * [[Why Python is More Productive than Java]]
-行号 39:
+行号 83:
- * [[http://docs.python.org/ref/ref.html|Python Reference Manual]] (中文版: [[http://chinesepython.org/pythonfoundry/ref2.3/tmp/|Python语言参考手册]] )
 * [[http://docs.python.org/lib/lib.html|Python Library Reference]] (中文版: [[http://chinesepython.org/pythonfoundry/lib2.3/tmp/|Python库参考手册]])
 * [[http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html|One Day of IDLE Toying]] (中文版: [[http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/IDLE-chinese.htm|摆弄一天IDLE]])
+ * [[http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3882|Why_Python]] by Eric Raymond [[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_53982851010008b8.html|why python中文版]]

 * [[https://woodpecker.org.cn/|WoodPecker中文社区]]
 * [[https://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/eroi/of_snakes_and_rubies_or_why_i_chose_python_over/|Of snakes and rubies; Or why I chose Python over Ruby]]
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- * [[http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/thinkCSpy/|How to Think Like a Computer Scientist (Learning with Python)]]
-行号 46:
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- * [[http://www.pentangle.net/python/handbook/|Handbook of the Physics Computing Course]]
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+行号 94:
- * [[http://www.livewires.org.uk/python/|The LiveWires Python Course]]
-行号 54:
+行号 97:
- * [[http://www.wag.caltech.edu/home/rpm/python_course/|Python Short Course]]
-行号 61:
+行号 103:
-== 入门教程 ==
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+行号 104:
- * Using IDLE: [[attachment:idleUse05b.zip]]
-行号 68:
+行号 107:
- * Python介绍视频[[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9023849479319414382|Introducing Python]]
 * [[https://towardsdatascience.com/30-python-best-practices-tips-and-tricks-caefb9f8c5f5|30 Python Best Practices, Tips, And Tricks]]
 * [[https://docs.python-guide.org/dev/virtualenvs/|pipenv, virtual env]]
 * [[https://docs.python-guide.org/writing/gotchas/|Python Gotchas]]
 * [[https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-cn-python-yield/|Python yield 使用浅析]]
 * [[https://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html|Cheat Sheet: Writing Python 2-3 compatible code]]
 * [[https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/cheat_sheet_py3.html|Type hints cheat sheet (Python 3)]]


== GUI Toolkit ==
+ * [[https://archive.org/details/SeanKellyRecoveryfromAddiction|Recovery from Addiction]]
 * [[https://www.zhidaow.com/post/python-modules-you-should-know|Python你必须知道的十个库]]
 * [[http://www.pythontip.com/blog/post/9771/|【外刊IT评论网】Python高效编程技巧]]
 * [[http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4e8581890102e29u.html|孩子们为什么要学Python编程？]]
 * [[https://pythonconquerstheuniverse.wordpress.com/2009/10/03/python-java-a-side-by-side-comparison/|Python & Java: A Side-by-Side Comparison]]
 * [[https://book.douban.com/subject/1241032/|Jython程序设计]]
 * [[https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel/2020-February/040918.html|Python2 removal for Ubuntu focal]]
 * [[https://app.getpocket.com/read/2956522352|Python 2.7.18, the end of an era]]
 * [[http://python-future.org/|Easy, clean, reliable Python 2/3 compatibility]]
 * [[https://computers-are-fast.github.io/|Do you know how much your computer can do in a second?]]

== Python库 ==

=== 标准库 ===

 * [[http://docs.python.org/lib/lib.html|Python Library Reference]] 

=== GUI Toolkit ===
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-   * [[wxPython]]
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+行号 128:
-== Web 开发 ==
+ * [[https://kivy.org/|Kivy]] 基于OpenGL ES的移动端、桌面端GUI开发库
 * 使用PyQt编写QT图形界面程序 http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/pyqt/
 * [[https://machinekoder.com/pyqt-vs-qt-for-python-pyside2-pyside/|PyQT vs PySide2]]

=== 网络 ===

 * [[https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop|uvloop]]: asyncio + libuv + Cython，再配上httptools做HTTP parser，从[[https://magic.io/blog/uvloop-blazing-fast-python-networking/|benchmark]]看起来性能非常强劲。

=== Web 开发 ===
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-== Windows ==
+ * [[https://wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming|WebProgramming - Python Wiki]]
 * Flask: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/1.1.x/
 * [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWODIO6aCUE|Better Web App]]

=== Windows ===
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+行号 147:
-== python游戏相关 ==
+ * 使用_winreg模块操纵windows注册表
 * 将python程序打包成windows下可以执行的exe文件：使用[[http://www.py2exe.org/|py2exe]]模块
 * 在.net平台上使用python：[[http://www.gotdotnet.com/Workspaces/Workspace.aspx?id=ad7acff7-ab1e-4bcb-99c0-57ac5a3a9742|IronPython]]

=== Mac ===
 * [[http://undefined.org/python/py2app.html|Py2app]]

=== 多媒体 ===

 * 图像获取：linux平台下使用sane模块，Windows平台下使用twain模块
   * [[http://twainmodule.sourceforge.net/|TWAIN]]
 * 图像处理[[PythonImageLibrary中文手册]]
 * 通过ffmpeg处理视频、音频 https://github.com/kkroening/ffmpeg-python
 * PyDUB：在python中直接处理音频 https://github.com/jiaaro/pydub 

=== 游戏 ===
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-== Python与正则表达式 ==
+=== 字符串 ===

 * [[https://docs.python.org/3/howto/unicode.html|Unicode Howto]]
-行号 103:
+行号 176:
-== Python数据处理 ==
+=== 数据处理 ===

 * [[https://numpy.org/|numpy]]
 * [[https://www.scipy.org/|scipy]]
-行号 105:
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-== 其它 ==
+ * [[https://pytorch.org/|PyTorch]]
 * [[https://scikit-learn.org/stable/|Scikit-Learn]]

=== 其它 ===
-行号 109:
+行号 187:
+ * 读取excel：用xlrd包。把excel转成csv，使用csv库操作。
 * 加密：Python Cryptography Toolkit http://www.amk.ca/python/code/crypto
 * [[http://springpython.webfactional.com/|Spring Python]]: 为什么Python不需要像Spring这样的东西？
 * [[http://www.dabeaz.com/ply/ply.html#ply_nn2|PLY]] Python Lex-Yacc

== Python的字符编码处理 ==

对于中文用户，特别需要关注Python的编码技术. 列举一些常用的技巧。

{{{
chr(i): 将一个0到255的整数转换为一个字符.
ord(c): 返回单个字符c的整数顺序值.普通字符返回[0,255]中的一个值,Unicode字符返回 [0,65535]中的一个值
unichr(i): 将一个0到65535的整数转换为一个Unicode字符
}}}

    * 代码中的编码设置，应该在代码最初两行内包含：
{{{
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
}}}
    * 获得/设置系统的缺省编码
{{{
sys.getdefaultencoding()

sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')
}}}
    * 获得文件系统的文件名的编码
{{{
sys.getfilesystemencoding()
}}}
    * 获得当前终端的输入、输出编码
{{{
      sys.stdout.encoding

      sys.stdin.encoding
}}}
    * 编码转换（先转换为unicode，再转换为具体的编码），有两种方法：
{{{
      unicode('abc', 'mbcs').encode('utf-8')

      'abc'.decode('mbcs').encode('utf-8')
}}}

 * [[Python代码片段]]

"Python"版本比较

Python

1. Python入门教程

2. Python解释器

3. Python开发环境

4. Python语法

5. 代码风格

6. 参考资料

7. Python库

7.1. 标准库

7.2. GUI Toolkit

7.3. 网络

7.4. Web 开发

7.5. Windows

7.6. Mac

7.7. 多媒体

7.8. 游戏

7.9. 字符串

7.10. 数据处理

7.11. 其它

8. Python的字符编码处理